A study in the journal Science
indicated that electrical charges are generated when rock fragments,
ash, and ice particles in a volcanic plume collide and produce static
charges, just as ice particles collide in regular thunderstorms.
As the plume started going downwind, it seemed to have a life of its own and produced some 300 more or less normal [lightning bolts] ... The implication is that it has produced more charge than it started with. Otherwise [the plume] couldn't continue to make lightning.
—Martin Um
, co-director of the University of Florida Lightning Research program
Volcanic eruptions also release large amounts of water, which may help fuel these thunderstorms.
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